All AVR ports have Read-modify-write functionality when used as genera I/O ports. Direction of separate port pin can be changed. Each pin buffer has symmetric capability to drive and sink source. Pin driver is strong enough to drive LED directly , but it is not recommended. All port pins have selectable pull-up resistors. All pins have protection diodes to both VCC and GND.

Each port consists of three registers DDRx, PORTx and PINx (where x means port letter). DDRx register selects direction of port pins. If logic one is written to DDRx then port is configured to be as output. Zero means that port is configured as input. If DDRx is written zero and PORTx is written logic “1” then port is configured as input with internal pull-up resistor. Otherwise if PORTx is written to zero, then port is configured as input but pins are set to tri-state and you might need to connect external pull-up resistors.

If PORTx is written to logic “1” and DDRx is set to “1”, then port pin is driven high. And if PORTx=0, then port is driven low.

Lets move to C. How we can control AVR port pins? When using WinAVR GCC first we need to set up proper library where PORT register names have their addresses defined. Main library where general purpose registers are defined is io.h located in avr directory of WINAVR installation location.

#include <avr/io.h>

Now we can use port names instead of their addresses. For instance if we want to set all pins of PORTD as output we simply write:

DDRD=0xFF; //set port D pins as outputs

Now we can output a number to port D:

PORTD=0x0F; //port pins will be set to 00001111

if we have 8 bit variable i we can assign this variable to port register like this:

uint8_t i=0x54;

PORTD=i;

Lets read port D pins:

DDRD=0; //set all port D pins as input

i=PIND; //read all 8 pin bits of port Dand store to variable i

There is ability to access separate port pins. So all eight port pins can be used for multiple purposes.

Some of the pins may be configured as outputs and some as inputs and performs different functions.

Lets say we need 0,2,4,6 pins to be as input and 1,3,5,7 as output. Then we do like this:

DDRD=0; //reset all bits to zero

DDRD |=(1<<1)|(1<<3)|(1<<5)|(1<<7); //using bit shift “<<”operation and logical OR to set bits 1,3,5,7 to “1”

So we can output values to 1,3,5 and 7 pins

PORTD |=(1<<1)|(1<<3)|(1<<5)|(1<<7);

Or clear them

PORTD &=~((1<<1)|(1<<3)|(1<<5)|(1<<7));

Reading of port pins is easy. Set any pin(s) for input like this:

DDRD &=~((1<<1)|(1<<3)); //This clears bits 1 and 3 of port direction register

i=PIND; //reads all 8 pins of port D

You can read 1 and 3 bits by using masks or simply shift i value by 1 ar 3 positions to compare LSB with 1. Of course there are some functions in sfr_defs.h library like bit_is_set() or bit_is_clear() to check particular bits and make these tasks little easier.

Following example should clarify some issues:

#include "avr\io.h"

#include "avr\iom8.h"

int main(void) {

  DDRD&=~_BV(0);//set PORTD pin0 to zero as input

  PORTD|=_BV(0);//Enable pull up

  PORTD|=_BV(1);//led OFF

  DDRD|=_BV(1);//set PORTD pin1 to one as output

  while(1) {

   if (bit_is_clear(PIND, 0))//if button is pressed

		{

			PORTD&=~_BV(1);//led ON

			loop_until_bit_is_set(PIND, 0);//LED ON while Button is pressd

			PORTD|=_BV(1);//led OFF

		}

 	}

}

Related Items:

• About GNU Compiler Collection-
• Atmega series of AVR microcont
• AVR Comparator C programming e
• AVR GCC Structures
• AVR microcontroller memory map

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